Estreptococos del grupo B y partos prematuros: una revisión narrativa
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.53843/bms.v8i12.450Palabras clave:
Group B Streptococcal, Prematurity, Antibiotic ProphylaxisResumen
Introducción: Los partos prematuros son aquellos que ocurren antes de las 37 semanas de edad gestacional. Una condición clínica que sigue siendo problemática para la obstetricia, principalmente por la alta mortalidad neonatal que provoca. Aunque la mayoría de los niños sobreviven, corren el riesgo de sufrir un mayor daño en el desarrollo neurológico y complicaciones respiratorias y gastrointestinales. Los microorganismos, como Streptococcal agalactiae (Group B Streptococcal - GBS), se han asociado con la prematuridad. Esta revisión integral tiene como objetivo presentar datos sobre la asociación entre el SGB y la prematuridad.
Métodos: Utilizando las palabras clave Group B Streptococcal, prematurity y Intrapartum antibiotic therapy, se realizaron búsquedas en artículos de las siguientes bases de datos: PubMed, la base de datos Cochrane de Systematic Reviews, el Registro Cochrane Central de Ensayos Controlados y Lilacs/Scielo. Se consideraron los trabajos más relevantes los publicados sobre este tema desde el 1 de enero de 1973 hasta el 31 de diciembre de 2021 disponibles en las bases de datos consultadas.
Resultados: La ruptura prematura de membranas ovulares (RPM) ocurre en el 1% al 3% de los embarazos, siendo una causa importante de morbimortalidad perinatal y asociándose al 30-40% de los partos prematuros. La infección por estreptococos del grupo B, ha sido señalada como un importante factor de riesgo de parto prematuro, especialmente en pacientes con amniorrexis prematura de las membranas ovulares.
Discusión: las medidas preventivas de profilaxis para mujeres embarazadas, como la medicación intraparto, para reducir la transmisión vertical de enfermedades invasivas por GBS resultaron en una disminución significativa de la enfermedad neonatal temprana por el patógeno. Además, la penicilina fue y sigue siendo el antimicrobiano de elección debido a que tiene un espectro microbicida más estrecho que la ampicilina, por lo que reduce la probabilidad de desarrollo de resistencia bacteriana.
Conclusión: SGB se ha asociado con un mayor riesgo de parto prematuro debido a la ruptura prematura de la membrana. Además, la terapia con antibióticos para la infección vaginal por bacterias redujo el parto prematuro con bajo peso en algunas poblaciones.
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Derechos de autor 2023 Cristia Rosineiri Gonçalves Lopes Corrêa, Vitor de Paula Boechat Soares, Diule Sales, Mariana Schmidt Cheaitou, Harleson Lopes de Mesquita
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