Vaccine against Schistosomiasis Mansoni: a Neglected Disease
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.53843/bms.v7i10.214Keywords:
Schistosomiasis, Immunization, Neglected Diseases, Disease PreventionAbstract
Introduction: Schistosomiasis is a neglected, chronic and gradually debilitating parasitic disease that kills 200,000 people annually, according to the World Health Organization. Current strategies to control schistosomiasis are ineffective, and there is therefore a need to develop a vaccine against the disease. Objective: Show the main researches about vaccines development against schistosomiasis. Methodology: Narrative literature review conducted in October 2020, with selection of articles from 2012 in the Pubmed and Scielo databases, using "schistosomiasis" and "vaccine" as descriptors. The Clinical Trials platform was also consulted. Articles on vaccines against Schistosoma mansoni were included and articles referring exclusively to other species and other forms of treatment or prevention were excluded. Results: 26 articles were selected, with only two vaccines in human trials, Sm14 and Sm-TSP2. Sm14 (Brazil), with phase II completed, showed 50-68% protection against schistosomiasis. There is also Sm-TSP2 (USA), which showed protection of 65-69% in a phase I clinical trial. Besides these, some studies are still in the pre-clinical phase, such as Sm-p80 (USA), SmCB (Canada), SmCyp (Brazil), and chimeric vaccines (Iran) that combine antigens through immuno-informatics. There are also proposals for vaccine manufacturing that use nanotechnology and gold nanobastons in the production of adjuvants. Discussion: There are still many challenges to the development of these vaccines, such as the difficulty of mimicking the parasite genes, the difference in immune response between animal and human tests, the antivaccine movement, and the lack of interest from large pharmaceutical industries. Conclusion: There are two researches currently in clinical trials phase, Sm14 and Sm-TSP2, besides several others in pre-clinical phase. Although more studies are needed, this immunization approach could control the disease in the future, a problem evidenced in this work.
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